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John Rufus, John of Beth Rufina (also spelled Ruphina), or John of Maiuma (born c. AD 450), was an anti-Chalcedonian priest of Antioch, a disciple of Peter the Iberian and an ecclesiastical historian who possibly served as the bishop of Maiuma. He wrote the Plerophoriae, the Life of Peter the Iberian, and the Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius.
John was born in the Arabia Petraea (see Plerophoriae 22) around AD 450 and studied jurisprudence at the exclusive law school of Berytus (modern-day Beirut), where his fellow student, Theodore of Ascalon, brought him into contact with his future spiritual master, Peter the Iberian. Evgarius, Rufus' younger brother, also studied law at Berytus and showed much interest in the values of religion and monasticism. John became a monk and left for Antioch, where he was ordained as a priest by the city's anti-Chalcedonian patriarch, Peter the Fuller, during the reign of Emperor Basiliscus (r. January 475 – August 476). Upon the return to power of Emperor Zeno and the expulsion of Peter the Fuller in 477, John moved to Palestine in 479, where he became a disciple of Peter the Iberian and joined his monastic community located between Gaza and Maiuma. Here he became one of Peter's intimate students, which would allow him to give firsthand evidence of the last twelve years of his teacher's life. As a native of the province of Arabia, a region he knew in detail, as proven by the section of the Life dealing with Peter the Iberian's travels through that province, John Rufus might have acted there as Peter's guide. At Peter the Iberian's death in 491, he passed on the leadership of his monastery to four of his disciples, most prominently to Theodore of Ascalon, while John Rufus became the priest of the monastery church. Whether John Rufus did become the bishop of Maiuma, as mentioned in the title of the Plerophoriae, cannot be supported with other sources; he might have been consecrated as such by the anti-Chalcedonians after the death of Peter the Iberian. After Peter's death, the anti-Chalcedonian party in Palestine might have seen in John Rufus their new spiritual leader.
The work was probably composed between 512 and 518, and text analysis offers indications that it was most likely written during the patriarchate of Severus of Antioch (512–538). This was the last of John's three works. Although an anthology of stories that, in their majority, already existed and had been included in a number of other texts or compilations, it became the most popular among these works, a fact that led to the term describing the type of stories it contained, plerophoriae, to become the title by which it is known today.
Scholars are sure that John Rufus wrote Plerophoriae in Greek, but just a few fragments in the original language have come down to us. Instead, translations into Syriac language have survived in two complete manuscripts, as well as fragments in Coptic language translations preserved in three codex and a manuscript.
Peter's evolution goes from a young enthusiastic pilgrim, to a believer in the ideal of xeniteia, or disconnection from the physical, ephemeral world, even by detaching himself from relics and holy places. John Rufus presents Peter the Iberian as a more theologically uncompromising anti-Chalcedonian than does another one of his disciples, Zacharias Rhetor, who describes him as a more moderate Monophysite.
After Peter's death, his unassuming lavra is transformed by his disciples into a coenobium, all usual buildings of a monastery are constructed at the site, and Peter's relics are translated under the altar of the monastery church.
Theodosius was the anti-Chalcedonian ascetic leader raised by the Monophysite revolt onto the bishop's throne of Jerusalem between 451 and 53. During this time he consecrated Peter of Iberia as bishop of Maiuma, and only after also being reordinated as priest by Theodosius did Peter take up priestly activities. Theodosius was removed from his position by the man he had managed to replace for a while, bishop and, after the Council of Chalcedon, patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem. After fleeing to Antioch Theodosius was taken to Constantinople and imprisoned for the rest of his life in a monastery by imperial orders.
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